- continuous-wave Doppler measurement of peripheral arterial occlusion pressures, including toe occlusion pressures;
- acral photoplethysmography, segmental oscillography, functional oscillography;
- treadmill ergometry;
- capillary microscopy, microcirculation assessment (laser Doppler flowmetry);
- duplex sonography of all arterial territories – transcranial Doppler ultrasound;
- duplex sonography and compression sonography of all venous territories;
- venous occlusion plethysmography (VVP);
- intra-arterial angiography of all arterial territories, phlebography of all venous territories;
- MR and CT angiography of all arterial and venous territories;
- laboratory testing for atherosclerotic and thrombophilic risk factors.